Check' em out!!!

fsdf

2008-11-15T07:15:00.000-08:00

ajnajinfoakma

2008-11-07T08:35:00.000-08:00

golmaal released

2008-11-07T07:24:00.001-08:00

hihihh

2008-11-07T07:22:00.001-08:00

hey dis is anshul with the new template

All about Virus , Worms & Trojans

2008-06-19T10:37:00.000-07:00

The Difference Between a Virus, Worm and Trojan Horse
The most common blunder people make when the topic of a computer virus arises is to refer to a worm or Trojan horse as a virus. While the words Trojan, worm and virus are often used interchangeably, they are not the same. Viruses, worms and Trojan Horses are all malicious programs that can cause damage to your computer, but there are differences among the three, and knowing those differences can help you to better protect your computer from their often damaging effects. A computer virus attaches itself to a program or file so it can spread from one computer to another, leaving infections as it travels. Much like human viruses, computer viruses can range in severity: Some viruses cause only mildly annoying effects while others can damage your hardware, software or files. Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which means the virus may exist on your computer but it cannot infect your computer unless you run or open the malicious program. It is important to note that a virus cannot be spread without a human action, (such as running an infected program) to keep it going. People continue the spread of a computer virus, mostly unknowingly, by sharing infecting files or sending e-mails with viruses as attachments in the e-mail. A worm is similar to a virus by its design, and is considered to be a sub-class of a virus. Worms spread from computer to computer, but unlike a virus, it has the capability to travel without any help from a person. A worm takes advantage of file or information transport features on your system, which allows it to travel unaided. The biggest danger with a worm is its capability to replicate itself on your system, so rather than your computer sending out a single worm, it could send out hundreds or thousands of copies of itself, creating a huge devastating effect. One example would be for a worm to send a copy of itself to everyone listed in your e-mail address book.Then, the worm replicates and sends itself out to everyone listed in each of the receiver's address book, and the manifest continues on down the line. Due to the copying nature of a worm and its capability to travel across networks the end result in most cases is that the worm consumes too much system memory (or network bandwidth), causing Web servers, network servers and individual computers to stop responding. In more recent worm attacks such as the much-talked-about .Blaster Worm., the worm has been designed to tunnel into your system and allow malicious users to control your computer remotely.
A Trojan Horse is full of as much trickery as the mythological Trojan Horse it was named after. The Trojan Horse, at first glance will appear to be useful software but will actually do damage once installed or run on your computer. Those on the receiving end of a Trojan Horse are usually tricked into opening them because they appear to be receiving legitimate software or files from a legitimate source. When a Trojan is activated on your computer, the results can vary. Some Trojans are designed to be more annoying than malicious (like changing your desktop, adding silly active desktop icons) or they can cause serious damage by deleting files and destroying information on your system. Trojans are also known to create a backdoor on your computer that gives malicious users access to your system, possibly allowing confidential or personal information to be compromised. Unlike viruses and worms, Trojans do not reproduce by infecting other files nor do they self-replicate.Added into the mix, we also have what is called a blended threat. A blended threat is a sophisticated attack that bundles some of the worst aspects of viruses, worms, Trojan horses and malicious code into one threat. Blended threats use server and Internet vulnerabilities to initiate, transmit and spread an attack. This combination of method and techniques means blended threats can spread quickly and cause widespread damage. Characteristics of blended threats include: causes harm, propagates by multiple methods, attacks from multiple points and exploits vulnerabilities. To be considered a blended thread, the attack would normally serve to transport multiple attacks in one payload. For examplem it wouldn't just launch a DoS attack — it would also install a backdoor and damage a local system in one shot. Additionally, blended threats are designed to use multiple modes of transport. For example, a worm may travel through e-mail, but a single blended threat could use multiple routes such as e-mail, IRC and file-sharing sharing networks. The actual attack itself is also not limited to a specific act. For example, rather than a specific attack on predetermined .exe files, a blended thread could modify exe files, HTML files and registry keys at the same time — basically it can cause damage within several areas of your network at one time.
Blended threats are considered to be the worst risk to security since the inception of viruses, as most blended threats require no human intervention to propagate.Combating Viruses, Worms and Trojan HorsesThe first steps to protecting your computer are to ensure your operating system (OS) is up-to-date. This is essential if you are running a Microsoft Windows OS. Secondly, you should have anti-virus software installed on your system and ensure you download updates frequently to ensure your software has the latest fixes for new viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Additionally, you want to make sure your anti-virus program has the capability to scan e-mail and files as they are downloaded from the Internet. This will help prevent malicious programs from even reaching your computer. You should also install a firewall as well. A firewall is a system that prevents unauthorized use and access to your computer. A firewall can be either hardware or software. Hardware firewalls provide a strong degree of protection from most forms of attack coming from the outside world and can be purchased as a stand-alone product or in broadband routersUnfortunately, when battling viruses, worms and Trojans, a hardware firewall may be less effective than a software firewall, as it could possibly ignore embedded worms in out going e-mails and see this as regular network traffic. For individual home users, the most popular firewall choice is a software firewall. A good software firewall will protect your computer from outside attempts to control or gain access your computer, and usually provides additional protection against the most common Trojan programs or e-mail worms. The downside to software firewalls is that they will only protect the computer they are installed on, not a network.It is important to remember that on its own a firewall is not going to rid you of your computer virus problems, but when used in conjunction with regular operating system updates and a good anti-virus scanning software, it will add some extra security and protection for your computer or network

Windows run commands

2008-06-19T10:36:00.001-07:00

SQL Client Configuration - cliconfgSystem Configuration Editor - syseditSystem Configuration Utility - msconfigSystem File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)- sfc /scannowSystem File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)- sfc /scanonceSystem File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) - sfc /scanbootSystem File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)- sfc /revertSystem File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)- sfc /purgecacheSystem File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)-sfc/cachesize=x System Information- msinfo32 System Properties - sysdm.cpl Task Manager - taskmgrTCP Tester - tcptest Telnet Client - telnetTweak UI (if installed) - tweakui User Account Management- nusrmgr.cplUtility Manager - utilmanWindows Address Book - wab Windows Address Book Import Utility - wabmig Windows Backup Utility (if installed)- ntbackup Windows Explorer - explorer Windows Firewall- firewall.cplWindows Magnifier- magnifyWindows Management Infrastructure - wmimgmt.mscWindows Media Player - wmplayer Windows Messenger - msmsgs Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)- wiaacmgr Windows System Security Tool - syskeyWindows Update Launches - wupdmgrWindows Version (to show which version of windows)- winver Windows XP Tour Wizard - tourstartWordpad - write 8/3/06 +iquid Illusion™ Password Properties - password.cplPerformance Monitor - perfmon.mscPhone and Modem Options - telephon.cpl Phone Dialer - dialer Pinball Game - pinball Power Configuration - powercfg.cpl Printers and Faxes - control printers Printers Folder - printersPrivate Character Editor - eudceditQuicktime (If Installed)- QuickTime.cplQuicktime Player (if installed)- quicktimeplayer Real Player (if installed)- realplay Regional Settings - intl.cpl Registry Editor - regeditRegistry Editor - regedit32Remote Access Phonebook - rasphone Remote Desktop - mstscRemovable Storage - ntmsmgr.mscRemovable Storage Operator Requests - ntmsoprq.mscResultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) - rsop.mscScanners and Cameras - sticpl.cplScheduled Tasks - control schedtasks Security Center - wscui.cplServices - services.mscShared Folders - fsmgmt.mscShuts Down Windows - shutdownSounds and Audio - mmsys.cpl Spider Solitare Card Game - spider 8/3/06 +iquid Illusion™ Malicious Software Removal Tool - mrt Microsoft Access (if installed) - access.cpl Microsoft Chat - winchatMicrosoft Excel (if installed) - excel Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)- frontpg Microsoft Movie Maker - moviemk Microsoft Paint - mspaint Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)- powerpnt Microsoft Word (if installed)- winword Microsoft Syncronization Tool - mobsync Minesweeper Game - winmineMouse Properties - control mouse Mouse Properties - main.cplNero (if installed)- nero Netmeeting - conf Network Connections - control netconnections Network Connections - ncpa.cpl Network Setup Wizard - netsetup.cplNotepad - notepadNview Desktop Manager (If Installed)- nvtuicpl.cplObject Packager - packagerODBC Data Source Administrator- odbccp32.cplOn Screen Keyboard - oskOpens AC3 Filter (If Installed) - ac3filter.cplOutlook Express - msimn Paint - pbrush 8/3/06 +iquid Illusion™ .IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) - ipconfi/allIP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /displaydnsIP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /flushdnsIP Configuration (Release All Connections)- ipconfig /releaseIP Configuration (Renew All Connections)- ipconfig /renewIP Configuration(RefreshesDHCP&Re-RegistersDNS)-ipconfig/registerdnsIP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig/showclassidIP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig /setclassidJava Control Panel (If Installed)- jpicpl32.cplJava Control Panel (If Installed)- javawsKeyboard Properties - control keyboard Local Security Settings - secpol.mscLocal Users and Groups - lusrmgr.mscLogs You Out Of Windows - logoff..... 8/3/06 +iquid Illusion™ Accessibility Controls - access.cplAccessibility Wizard - accwizAdd Hardware - Wizardhdwwiz.cplAdd/Remove Programs - appwiz.cplAdministrative Tools control - admintoolsAdobe Acrobat (if installed) - acrobatAdobe Designer (if installed)- acrodistAdobe Distiller (if installed)- acrodistAdobe ImageReady (if installed)- imagereadyAdobe Photoshop (if installed)- photoshopAutomatic Updates - wuaucpl.cplBluetooth Transfer Wizard - fsquirtCalculator - calcCertificate Manager - certmgr.mscCharacter Map - charmapCheck Disk Utility - chkdskClipboard Viewer - clipbrdCommand Prompt - cmdComponent Services - dcomcnfgComputer Management - compmgmt.mscControl Panel - controlDate and Time Properties - timedate.cplDDE Shares - ddeshareDevice Manager - devmgmt.mscDirect X Control Panel (If Installed)- directx.cplDirect X Troubleshooter- dxdiagDisk Cleanup Utility- cleanmgrDisk Defragment- dfrg.mscDisk Management- diskmgmt.mscDisk Partition Manager- diskpartDisplay Properties- control desktopDisplay Properties- desk.cplDisplay Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)- control colorDr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility- drwtsn32Driver Verifier Utility- verifierEvent Viewer- eventvwr.mscFiles and Settings Transfer Tool- migwizFile Signature Verification Tool- sigverifFindfast- findfast.cplFirefox (if installed)- firefoxFolders Properties- control foldersFonts- control fontsFonts Folder- fontsFree Cell Card Game- freecellGame Controllers- joy.cplGroup Policy Editor (XP Prof)- gpedit.mscHearts Card Game- msheartsHelp and Support- helpctrHyperTerminal- hypertrmIexpress Wizard- iexpressIndexing Service- ciadv.mscInternet Connection Wizard- icwconn1Internet Explorer- iexploreInternet Properties- inetcpl.cplInternet Setup Wizard- inetwiz

Changing ur IP!

2008-06-19T10:35:00.000-07:00

Change Your Ip In Less Then 1 Minute. !
1. Click on "Start" in the bottom left hand corner of screen2. Click on "Run"3. Type in "command" and hit ok
You should now be at an MSDOS prompt screen.
4. Type "ipconfig /release" just like that, and hit "enter"5. Type "exit" and leave the prompt6. Right-click on "Network Places" or "My Network Places" on your desktop.7. Click on "properties"
You should now be on a screen with something titled "Local Area Connection", or something close to that, and, if you have a network hooked up, all of your other networks.
8. Right click on "Local Area Connection" and click "properties"9. Double-click on the "Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)" from the list under the "General" tab10. Click on "Use the following IP address" under the "General" tab11. Create an IP address (It doesn't matter what it is. I just type 1 and 2 until i fill the area up).12. Press "Tab" and it should automatically fill in the "Subnet Mask" section with default numbers.13. Hit the "Ok" button here14. Hit the "Ok" button again
You should now be back to the "Local Area Connection" screen.
15. Right-click back on "Local Area Connection" and go to properties again.16. Go back to the "TCP/IP" settings17. This time, select "Obtain an IP address automatically"tongue.gif 18. Hit "Ok"19. Hit "Ok" again20. You now have a new IP address
With a little practice, you can easily get this process down to 15 seconds.
P.S:This only changes your dynamic IP address, not your ISP/IP address. If you plan on hacking a website with this trick be extremely careful, because if they try a little, they can trace it back

How to check out deleted SMS's???

2008-06-19T10:34:00.000-07:00

SMS once deleted can’t be read again….but sometimes we hurrily delete some important SMS
Here is the technique that must be followed to retrieve deleted SMS.
Required utility:
1) Any system explorer or file explorer program (eg. fileman or fexplorer.provided with the package)
Step 1) Open Fexplorer
Step 2) Select drive C: or D: depending on the memory in which the Sms messages have been saved.
Step 3) For example u selected c: , Then open “system” folder.
step 4) Then in “system” folder open “mail” folder.
step 5) Then in this folder u will see different folders (eg 0010001_s) and certain files (eg 00100000). These files are the actual messages. Browse through every folder and open all files till u get the sms u are looking for.
Step 6) For opening the files don’t choose options>file>open as it will show format not supported rather choose options>file>hex/text viewer. By selecting the “Hex/ text viewer” u ll be able to open and read the deleted SMS message.

Find d password of ur memory card!!!

2008-06-19T10:33:00.000-07:00

Please note the fact that it only works if the password to the MMC Card was set in ur own mobile,where u want it to be unlocked. This method works well for nokia cells with symbian operating system.Never tried on other cells.use any software like FXplorer that can browse files in ur cell.
1. Open one of above software you have.
2. Browse through the directory, C:\system
3. Rename the file mmcstore to mmcstore.txt
4. Open the file - The file will open in Notes.
5. You will find your password in that file. That file would also contain much more data which you do not understand,so you need to go through the file to get the password!
When ur cell is connected to pc by means of data cable or bluetooth,u can see the password by simply opening the file mmcstore with notepad.

Watch starwars in ur PC!!

2008-06-19T10:32:00.000-07:00

Go To Run and type "telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl"
(without the inverted commas).
See the movie in ASCII characters and have fun. he he

GOOGlE TRRICKSSS

2008-06-19T10:31:00.001-07:00

Google Search
inurl: like allinurl, but only for the next query word.allintitle: shows only results with terms in title.intitle: similar to allintitle, but only for the next word. "intitle:webmasterworld google" finds only pages with webmasterworld in the title, and google anywhere on the page.cache:url will show the Google version of the passed url.info:url will show a page containing links to related searches, backlinks, and pages containing the url. This is the same as typing the url into the search box.spell: will spell check your query and search for it.stocks: will lookup the search query in a stock index.filetype: will restrict searches to that filetype. "-filetype:doc" to remove Microsoft word files.daterange: is supported in Julian date format only. 2452384 is an example of a Julian date.maps: If you enter a street address, a link to Yahoo Maps and to MapBlast will be presented.phone: enter anything that looks like a phone number to have a name and address displayed. Same is true for something that looks like an address (include a name and zip code)"site:www.somesite.net "+www.somesite.+net"(tells you how many pages of your site are indexed by google)allintext: searches only within text of pages, but not in the links or page titleallinlinks: searches only within links, not text or title.

Play a game in MS-OFFICE

2008-06-19T10:29:00.000-07:00

1.Open Ms Excel2.In the First Cell of THe Worksheet press spacebar and then on the file menu clik on "Save As Web page"3.Click On THe Selection Sheet Radio button and then click on "add interactively"...4.Save the File5.open the file ull see a Excel Sheet....6.With the Help of Page Down on ur keyboard point to Row Number 20007.Then Point to Column "WC"8.Go To the Column WC such That It is on the extreme left of ur screen9.Click on 2000 Such that whole row is selected10.While Pressing CTRL+ALT+SHIFT CLik on The "Microsoft office" Logo on the same sheet on the extreme left of your Sheet....11.There u r with your game.....

All yo wanted to know abut Arrays!!!

2008-06-19T10:28:00.000-07:00

ArraysIn this section, we will create a small C program that generates 10 random numbers and sorts them. To do that, we will use a new variable arrangement called an array.
An array lets you declare and work with a collection of values of the same type. For example, you might want to create a collection of five integers. One way to do it would be to declare five integers directly:
int a, b, c, d, e;
This is okay, but what if you needed a thousand integers? An easier way is to declare an array of five integers:
int a[5];
The five separate integers inside this array are accessed by an index. All arrays start at index zero and go to n-1 in C. Thus, int a[5]; contains five elements. For example:
int a[5];
a[0] = 12;a[1] = 9;a[2] = 14;a[3] = 5;a[4] = 1;
One of the nice things about array indexing is that you can use a loop to manipulate the index. For example, the following code initializes all of the values in the array to 0:
int a[5];int i;
for (i=0; i<5; i++) a[i] = 0;
The following code initializes the values in the array sequentially and then prints them out:
#include
int main(){ int a[5]; int i;
for (i=0; i<5; i++) a[i] = i; for (i=0; i<5; i++) printf("a[%d] = %d\n", i, a[i]);}
Arrays are used all the time in C. To understand a common usage, start an editor and enter the following code:
#include
#define MAX 10
int a[MAX];int rand_seed=10;
/* from K&R - returns random number between 0 and 32767.*/int rand(){ rand_seed = rand_seed * 1103515245 +12345; return (unsigned int)(rand_seed / 65536) % 32768;}
int main(){ int i,t,x,y;
/* fill array */ for (i=0; i < MAX; i++) { a[i]=rand(); printf("%d\n",a[i]); }
/* more stuff will go here in a minute */
return 0;}
This code contains several new concepts. The #define line declares a constant named MAX and sets it to 10. Constant names are traditionally written in all caps to make them obvious in the code. The line int a[MAX]; shows you how to declare an array of integers in C. Note that because of the position of the array's declaration, it is global to the entire program.
The line int rand_seed=10 also declares a global variable, this time named rand_seed, that is initialized to 10 each time the program begins. This value is the starting seed for the random number code that follows. In a real random number generator, the seed should initialize as a random value, such as the system time. Here, the rand function will produce the same values each time you run the program.
The line int rand() is a function declaration. The rand function accepts no parameters and returns an integer value. We will learn more about functions later. The four lines that follow implement the rand function. We will ignore them for now.
The main function is normal. Four local integers are declared, and the array is filled with 10 random values using a for loop. Note that the array a contains 10 individual integers. You point to a specific integer in the array using square brackets. So a[0] refers to the first integer in the array, a[1] refers to the second, and so on. The line starting with /* and ending with */ is called a comment. The compiler completely ignores the line. You can place notes to yourself or other programmers in comments.
Now add the following code in place of the more stuff ... comment:
/* bubble sort the array */for (x=0; x < y="0;"> a[y+1]) { t=a[y]; a[y]=a[y+1]; a[y+1]=t; }/* print sorted array */printf("--------------------\n");for (i=0; i < MAX; i++)printf("%d\n",a[i]);
This code sorts the random values and prints them in sorted order. Each time you run it, you will get the same values. If you would like to change the values that are sorted, change the value of rand_seed each time you run the program.
The only easy way to truly understand what this code is doing is to execute it "by hand." That is, assume MAX is 4 to make it a little more manageable, take out a sheet of paper and pretend you are the computer. Draw the array on your paper and put four random, unsorted values into the array. Execute each line of the sorting section of the code and draw out exactly what happens. You will find that, each time through the inner loop, the larger values in the array are pushed toward the bottom of the array and the smaller values bubble up toward the top.
Try This!
* In the first piece of code, try changing the for loop that fills the array to a single line of code. Make sure that the result is the same as the original code. * Take the bubble sort code out and put it into its own function. The function header will be void bubble_sort(). Then move the variables used by the bubble sort to the function as well, and make them local there. Because the array is global, you do not need to pass parameters. * Initialize the random number seed to different values.
C Errors to Avoid
* C has no range checking, so if you index past the end of the array, it will not tell you about it. It will eventually crash or give you garbage data. * A function call must include () even if no parameters are passed. For example, C will accept x=rand;, but the call will not work. The memory address of the rand function will be placed into x instead. You must say x=rand();.

Intro to SStringSS

2008-06-19T10:27:00.000-07:00

Chapter 8: Strings
Strings in C are represented by arrays of characters. The end of the string is marked with a special character, the null character, which is simply the character with the value 0. (The null character has no relation except in name to the null pointer. In the ASCII character set, the null character is named NUL.) The null or string-terminating character is represented by another character escape sequence, \0. (We've seen it once already, in the getline function of chapter 6.)
Because C has no built-in facilities for manipulating entire arrays (copying them, comparing them, etc.), it also has very few built-in facilities for manipulating strings.
In fact, C's only truly built-in string-handling is that it allows us to use string constants (also called string literals) in our code. Whenever we write a string, enclosed in double quotes, C automatically creates an array of characters for us, containing that string, terminated by the \0 character. For example, we can declare and define an array of characters, and initialize it with a string constant:
char string[] = "Hello, world!";
In this case, we can leave out the dimension of the array, since the compiler can compute it for us based on the size of the initializer (14, including the terminating \0). This is the only case where the compiler sizes a string array for us, however; in other cases, it will be necessary that we decide how big the arrays and other data structures we use to hold strings are.
To do anything else with strings, we must typically call functions. The C library contains a few basic string manipulation functions, and to learn more about strings, we'll be looking at how these functions might be implemented.
Since C never lets us assign entire arrays, we use the strcpy function to copy one string to another:
#include
char string1[] = "Hello, world!"; char string2[20];
strcpy(string2, string1);
The destination string is strcpy's first argument, so that a call to strcpy mimics an assignment expression (with the destination on the left-hand side). Notice that we had to allocate string2 big enough to hold the string that would be copied to it. Also, at the top of any source file where we're using the standard library's string-handling functions (such as strcpy) we must include the line
#include
which contains external declarations for these functions.
Since C won't let us compare entire arrays, either, we must call a function to do that, too. The standard library's strcmp function compares two strings, and returns 0 if they are identical, or a negative number if the first string is alphabetically ``less than'' the second string, or a positive number if the first string is ``greater.'' (Roughly speaking, what it means for one string to be ``less than'' another is that it would come first in a dictionary or telephone book, although there are a few anomalies.) Here is an example:
char string3[] = "this is"; char string4[] = "a test";
if(strcmp(string3, string4) == 0) printf("strings are equal\n"); else printf("strings are different\n");
This code fragment will print ``strings are different''. Notice that strcmp does not return a Boolean, true/false, zero/nonzero answer, so it's not a good idea to write something like
if(strcmp(string3, string4)) ...
because it will behave backwards from what you might reasonably expect. (Nevertheless, if you start reading other people's code, you're likely to come across conditionals like if(strcmp(a, b)) or even if(!strcmp(a, b)). The first does something if the strings are unequal; the second does something if they're equal. You can read these more easily if you pretend for a moment that strcmp's name were strdiff, instead.)
Another standard library function is strcat, which concatenates strings. It does not concatenate two strings together and give you a third, new string; what it really does is append one string onto the end of another. (If it gave you a new string, it would have to allocate memory for it somewhere, and the standard library string functions generally never do that for you automatically.) Here's an example:
char string5[20] = "Hello, "; char string6[] = "world!";
printf("%s\n", string5);
strcat(string5, string6);
printf("%s\n", string5);
The first call to printf prints ``Hello, '', and the second one prints ``Hello, world!'', indicating that the contents of string6 have been tacked on to the end of string5. Notice that we declared string5 with extra space, to make room for the appended characters.
If you have a string and you want to know its length (perhaps so that you can check whether it will fit in some other array you've allocated for it), you can call strlen, which returns the length of the string (i.e. the number of characters in it), not including the \0:
char string7[] = "abc"; int len = strlen(string7); printf("%d\n", len);
Finally, you can print strings out with printf using the %s format specifier, as we've been doing in these examples already (e.g. printf("%s\n", string5);).
Since a string is just an array of characters, all of the string-handling functions we've just seen can be written quite simply, using no techniques more complicated than the ones we already know. In fact, it's quite instructive to look at how these functions might be implemented. Here is a version of strcpy:
mystrcpy(char dest[], char src[]){int i = 0;
while(src[i] != '\0') { dest[i] = src[i]; i++; }
dest[i] = '\0';}
We've called it mystrcpy instead of strcpy so that it won't clash with the version that's already in the standard library. Its operation is simple: it looks at characters in the src string one at a time, and as long as they're not \0, assigns them, one by one, to the corresponding positions in the dest string. When it's done, it terminates the dest string by appending a \0. (After exiting the while loop, i is guaranteed to have a value one greater than the subscript of the last character in src.) For comparison, here's a way of writing the same code, using a for loop:
for(i = 0; src[i] != '\0'; i++) dest[i] = src[i];
dest[i] = '\0';
Yet a third possibility is to move the test for the terminating \0 character out of the for loop header and into the body of the loop, using an explicit if and break statement, so that we can perform the test after the assignment and therefore use the assignment inside the loop to copy the \0 to dest, too:
for(i = 0; ; i++) { dest[i] = src[i]; if(src[i] == '\0') break; }
(There are in fact many, many ways to write strcpy. Many programmers like to combine the assignment and test, using an expression like (dest[i] = src[i]) != '\0'. This is actually the same sort of combined operation as we used in our getchar loop in chapter 6.)
Here is a version of strcmp:
mystrcmp(char str1[], char str2[]){int i = 0;
while(1) { if(str1[i] != str2[i]) return str1[i] - str2[i]; if(str1[i] == '\0' str2[i] == '\0') return 0; i++; }}
Characters are compared one at a time. If two characters in one position differ, the strings are different, and we are supposed to return a value less than zero if the first string (str1) is alphabetically less than the second string. Since characters in C are represented by their numeric character set values, and since most reasonable character sets assign values to characters in alphabetical order, we can simply subtract the two differing characters from each other: the expression str1[i] - str2[i] will yield a negative result if the i'th character of str1 is less than the corresponding character in str2. (As it turns out, this will behave a bit strangely when comparing upper- and lower-case letters, but it's the traditional approach, which the standard versions of strcmp tend to use.) If the characters are the same, we continue around the loop, unless the characters we just compared were (both) \0, in which case we've reached the end of both strings, and they were both equal. Notice that we used what may at first appear to be an infinite loop--the controlling expression is the constant 1, which is always true. What actually happens is that the loop runs until one of the two return statements breaks out of it (and the entire function). Note also that when one string is longer than the other, the first test will notice this (because one string will contain a real character at the [i] location, while the other will contain \0, and these are not equal) and the return value will be computed by subtracting the real character's value from 0, or vice versa. (Thus the shorter string will be treated as ``less than'' the longer.)
Finally, here is a version of strlen:
int mystrlen(char str[]){int i;
for(i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {}
return i;}
In this case, all we have to do is find the \0 that terminates the string, and it turns out that the three control expressions of the for loop do all the work; there's nothing left to do in the body. Therefore, we use an empty pair of braces {} as the loop body. Equivalently, we could use a null statement, which is simply a semicolon:
for(i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) ;
Empty loop bodies can be a bit startling at first, but they're not unheard of.
Everything we've looked at so far has come out of C's standard libraries. As one last example, let's write a substr function, for extracting a substring out of a larger string. We might call it like this:
char string8[] = "this is a test"; char string9[10]; substr(string9, string8, 5, 4); printf("%s\n", string9);
The idea is that we'll extract a substring of length 4, starting at character 5 (0-based) of string8, and copy the substring to string9. Just as with strcpy, it's our responsibility to declare the destination string (string9) big enough. Here is an implementation of substr. Not surprisingly, it's quite similar to strcpy:
substr(char dest[], char src[], int offset, int len){int i;for(i = 0; i < len && src[offset + i] != '\0'; i++) dest[i] = src[i + offset];dest[i] = '\0';}
If you compare this code to the code for mystrcpy, you'll see that the only differences are that characters are fetched from src[offset + i] instead of src[i], and that the loop stops when len characters have been copied (or when the src string runs out of characters, whichever comes first).
In this chapter, we've been careless about declaring the return types of the string functions, and (with the exception of mystrlen) they haven't returned values. The real string functions do return values, but they're of type ``pointer to character,'' which we haven't discussed yet.
When working with strings, it's important to keep firmly in mind the differences between characters and strings. We must also occasionally remember the way characters are represented, and about the relation between character values and integers.
As we have had several occasions to mention, a character is represented internally as a small integer, with a value depending on the character set in use. For example, we might find that 'A' had the value 65, that 'a' had the value 97, and that '+' had the value 43. (These are, in fact, the values in the ASCII character set, which most computers use. However, you don't need to learn these values, because the vast majority of the time, you use character constants to refer to characters, and the compiler worries about the values for you. Using character constants in preference to raw numeric values also makes your programs more portable.)
As we may also have mentioned, there is a big difference between a character and a string, even a string which contains only one character (other than the \0). For example, 'A' is not the same as "A". To drive home this point, let's illustrate it with a few examples.
If you have a string:
char string[] = "hello, world!";
you can modify its first character by saying
string[0] = 'H';
(Of course, there's nothing magic about the first character; you can modify any character in the string in this way. Be aware, though, that it is not always safe to modify strings in-place like this; we'll say more about the modifiability of strings in a later chapter on pointers.) Since you're replacing a character, you want a character constant, 'H'. It would not be right to write
string[0] = "H"; /* WRONG */
because "H" is a string (an array of characters), not a single character. (The destination of the assignment, string[0], is a char, but the right-hand side is a string; these types don't match.)
On the other hand, when you need a string, you must use a string. To print a single newline, you could call
printf("\n");
It would not be correct to call
printf('\n'); /* WRONG */
printf always wants a string as its first argument. (As one final example, putchar wants a single character, so putchar('\n') would be correct, and putchar("\n") would be incorrect.)
We must also remember the difference between strings and integers. If we treat the character '1' as an integer, perhaps by saying
int i = '1';
we will probably not get the value 1 in i; we'll get the value of the character '1' in the machine's character set. (In ASCII, it's 49.) When we do need to find the numeric value of a digit character (or to go the other way, to get the digit character with a particular value) we can make use of the fact that, in any character set used by C, the values for the digit characters, whatever they are, are contiguous. In other words, no matter what values '0' and '1' have, '1' - '0' will be 1 (and, obviously, '0' - '0' will be 0). So, for a variable c holding some digit character, the expression
c - '0'
gives us its value. (Similarly, for an integer value i, i + '0' gives us the corresponding digit character, as long as 0 <= i <= 9.)
Just as the character '1' is not the integer 1, the string "123" is not the integer 123. When we have a string of digits, we can convert it to the corresponding integer by calling the standard function atoi:
char string[] = "123"; int i = atoi(string); int j = atoi("456");
Later we'll learn how to go in the other direction, to convert an integer into a string. (One way, as long as what you want to do is print the number out, is to call printf, using %d in the format string.)

How to lock ur drive???????

2008-06-19T10:24:00.000-07:00

Lock Your Drives n Folders Using Registry Tweaks
Caution: Before you attempt these tweaks, please make sure that you have a backup of your registry, just incase something goes wrong in the middle.Locking Folders:Consider you want to lock a folder named XXXX in your E:\, whose path is E:\XXXX.Now open the Notepad and type the following
ren xxxx xxxx.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}
Where xxxx is your folder name. Save the text file as loc.bat in the same drive.Open another new notepad text file and type the following
ren xxxx.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} xxxx
Save the text file as key.bat in the same drive.Steps to lock the folder:To lock the xxxx folder, simply click the loc.bat and it will transform into control panel icon which is inaccessible.To unlock the folder click the key.bat file. Thus the folder will be unlocked and the contents are accessible.Locking Drives:We don’t usually prefer to lock our drives, but sometimes it becomes nesscary. Say for instance you might have stored your office documents in D:\ and you don’t want your kids to access it, in such case this technique can be useful for you. Please don’t try this tweak with your root drive (usually C:\ is the root drive) since root drives are not intended to be locked because they are mandatory for the system and application programs.Start & Run and type Regedit to open Registry editorBrowse HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Curre ntVersion\Policies\ExplorerCreate a new DWORD value NoViewOnDrive and set its value as2^ (Alpha Number of Drive Letter-1) where Alpha number are simple counting of alphabets from A to Z as 1 - 26For example: to lock C:\, Alpha number of C is 3 so 2^ (3-1) = 4 (decimal value)To lock more drives, calculate the value of each drive and then set sum of those numbers as valueTo unlock your drive just delete the key from the registry